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8.1.1 Germans 2 Geology Christian 77 Beginning around the mid-20th century Texas began to transform from a rural and agricultural state to one urban and industrialized the state's population grew quickly during this period with large levels of migration from outside the state. As a part of the Sun Belt Texas experienced strong economic growth particularly during the 1970s and early 1980s. Texas's economy diversified lessening its reliance on the petroleum industry by 1990 Hispanics overtook blacks to become the largest minority group in the state! . The Spanish introduced European livestock including cattle horses and mules to Texas as early as the 1690s. These herds grazed heavily on the native grasses allowing mesquite which was native to the lower Texas coast to spread inland Spanish farmers also introduced tilling and irrigation to the land further changing the landscape. The space shuttle atop its Boeing 747 flying over NASA's Johnson Space Center 131 Alma Allen Democratic 2004 far Southwest Houston and far South Side; . Representatives Name Party First Elected Area(s) of Harris County Represented, 1 Conquest Airports Some of the academic and research health institutions at the center include MD Anderson Cancer Center Baylor College of Medicine UT Health Science Center Memorial Hermann Hospital Houston Methodist Hospital Texas Children's Hospital and University of Houston College of Pharmacy. Support for the Confederacy was perhaps weakest in Texas; Elliott estimates that only a third of the white men in early 1861 supported the Confederacy Many unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began but many others clung to their unionism throughout the war especially in the northern counties the German districts and the Mexican areas Local officials harassed unionists and engaged in large-scale massacres against unionists and Germans in Cooke County 150 suspected unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent; many of the latter went to Mexico Potential draftees went into hiding Confederate officials hunted them down and many were shot on August 1 1862 Confederate troops executed 34 pro-Union German Texans in the "Nueces Massacre" of civilians, In recent years Houston's love affair with the car has cooled somewhat with car usage falling by 15.2% since 1995 and heavy investment in public transport including a light rail system opened in 2004 effectively signalling the return of the streetcar. Sam Houston All of East Texas also lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain but with less uniformity than the climate with rolling hills in the north and flat coastal plains in the south Local vegetation also varies from north to south with the lower third consisting of the temperate grassland extending from South Texas to South Louisiana the northern two-thirds of the region is dominated by temperate forest known as the Piney Woods which extends over 23,500 square miles (61,000 km2) the Piney Woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana Arkansas and Oklahoma the Piney Woods area thins out as it nears the Gulf of Mexico West of the Piney Woods are the ranchlands and remnant oak forests of the East Central Texas forests ecoregion.